Making Inferences
Not everything in a text is stated directly. Skilled readers infer — they use clues in the text, combined with their own knowledge, to understand meanings that are implied rather than explicit.
What Is Inference?
| Type | German | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Explicit information | Explizite Information | Directly stated in the text |
| Implicit information | Implizite Information | Suggested but not stated directly |
| Inference | Schlussfolgerung | A conclusion drawn from clues in the text |
Example:
Sarah slammed her laptop shut, grabbed her coat, and walked out without a word.
The text does not say Sarah is angry. But we can infer she is upset from:
- the action “slammed” (aggressive)
- “without a word” (refusing to communicate)
- the sequence of rapid actions (she wants to leave)
Types of Inference
1. Character inference — what a character thinks, feels, or wants
He checked his watch for the third time. → He is impatient or waiting for something important.
2. Setting inference — when or where a scene takes place
She pulled her scarf tighter against the wind and pushed through the crowd. → It is cold and there are many people around.
3. Relationship inference — how characters relate to each other
“You never listen,” she said, not for the first time. → Their relationship has ongoing communication problems.
4. Cause-and-effect inference — why something happens
The shelves were bare. The queue stretched out of the door. → The shop is very popular or there has been a shortage.
Steps for Making Inferences
- Identify what is stated — What does the text actually say?
- Look for clues — What details hint at something more?
- Apply your knowledge — What do you know about people, situations, and behaviour?
- Draw a conclusion — What is the most reasonable interpretation?
A good inference is supported by evidence from the text. If you cannot point to at least one specific clue, the inference may be a guess rather than a reasoned conclusion. Always ask: “What in the text tells me this?”